to toil
[verb]
[zwoe-gen, zwoeg-de, ge-zwoegd]

"Zwoegen" is not something you do for fun. It involves real hard work. "Zwoegen" is mostly used in the physical sense, but can also be used when someone puts real serious efforts into achieving a certain goal. As opposed to the English "blood, toil, tears and sweat", Dutch leaves out the toil (as English does sometimes) and refer to "bloed, zweet en tranen" ("blood, sweat and tears").   

Examples:
– "Na een ochtend zwoegen hadden we alle verhuisdozen in de vrachtwagen geladen." 
("After a morning of toil we had loaded all the moving boxes into the truck.")

– "Lolu heeft moeten zwoegen om toegelaten te worden als comedian van Boom Chicago." 
("Lolu has had to toil to get admitted as a comedian at Boom Chicago.")

– "Annie moest hard zwoegen om het wiskundetentamen op tijd af te krijgen."
("Annie had to work really hard to finish the maths exam on time.")

– "Na een avond en nacht zwoegen bereikten de sociale partners een akkoord over een nieuwe CAO." 
("After an evening and a night of toil the social partners [trade unions and employer’s organisation] reached  an agreement on a new labour condition agreement." Please note that CAO abbreviates "Collectieve ArbeidsOvereenkomst", meaning "Collective Labour Agreement".)

– "Chinese boeren zwoegen om de voedselvoorraad te vergroten." 
("Chinese farmers toil to expand the food supply.")

Expressions:
– "Het is zwoegen, zwoegen en nog eens zwoegen": it’s extremely hard work.

Related words:
– Zweten: to sweat [verb] [zweette, heeft gezweet].
– Bloed: blood [noun] [het bloed, <no plural>].
– Traan: tear [noun] [de traan, de tranen].

appearance, personality, emission, radiation
[noun]
[de uit-stra-ling, de uit-stra-lin-gen]

"Uitstraling" consists of "uit", which is the opposite of "in" and means from inside to outside, and "straling" which means "radiation". "Uitstraling" can be used in both a literal and a figurative sense. In the literal sense, it can be translated as "emission". In the figurative sense, "uitstraling" relates to the appearance of something, or the emotions that a person displays. The related verb is "uitstralen" ("to radiate").

Examples:
– "Ik vind dat de website van ons bedrijf geen professionele uitstraling heeft." 
("I think that the website of our company does not have a professional appearance.")

– "Veel mensen vinden dat Barack Obama een enorme uitstraling heeft." 
("A lot of people think that Barack Obama possesses charisma / has a huge personality." Please note that "charisma" is also a Dutch word.)

– "<Plaatje:> Het ontwerp van het Abu Dhabi Performing Arts Centre heeft een futuristische uitstraling.
("<Picture:> The design of the Abu Dhabi Performing Arts Centre has a futuristic appearance.")

– "Mijn buurvrouw heeft pijn in haar rug die uitstraalt naar haar been." 
("My [female] neigbour has pain in her back that radiates to her leg.")

– "De puber had ondanks zijn jonge leeftijd een wijze uitstraling." 
("The adolescent had a wise appearance despite his young age.")

– "Zij straalt zelfvertrouwen uit." 
("She oozes self-confidence.")

Related words:
– Uitstralen: to radiate [verb] [straalde uit, uitgestraald] [regular strong verb].
– Charisma: charisma [noun] [het charisma, <no plural>].

to tolerate, to permit, to allow
[verb]
[ge-do-gen, ge-doog-de, ge-doogd]

Generally, "gedogen" translates to "to allow" or "to permit". Legally, – and that’s the context how it’s mostly used in Dutch – it refers to not enforcing certain laws. The Dutch authorities tolerate some offences. Some things like smoking marijuana are formally forbidden by law, but the Dutch authorities abstain from bringing criminal charges to these offenders. This policy is  commonly known as the Dutch "gedoogbeleid". The Dutch policy on soft drugs is the most well-know form of "gedoogbeleid", see also Wikipedia.

Examples:
– "We kunnen deze billenknijper niet langer gedogen!" 
("We can no longer tolerate this bottom squeezer!")

– "De burgemeester van Maastricht heeft gezegd dat hij coffeeshops in het centrum van de stad niet langer wil gedogen." 
("The mayor of Maastricht has said that he no longer wants to allow hash bars in the city center.")

– "Volgens sommigen leidt het gedoogbeleid tot drugstoerisme in de Nederlandse grensstreken." 
("According to some, the toleration policy leads to drug tourism in the Dutch border regions.")

Related words:
– Gedoogbeleid: toleration policy [noun] [het gedoogbeleid, <no plural>].
– Tolereren: to tolerate [verb] [tolereren, tolereerde, getolereerd].

Example:
– "Meneer, ik kan uw belachelijke gedrag niet tolereren."
("Sir, I cannot tolerate your ridiculous behaviour.")

– Toestaan: to allow [verb] [toestaan, stond toe, toegestaan].
– Coffeeshop: cannabis coffee shop, hash bar (where the sale of cannabis and hashish for personal consumption by the public is tolerated by the local authorities) [noun] [de coffeeshop, de coffeeshops].

Extra:
Check out the view of Vincent Vega (played by John Travolta) on the Dutch "gedoogbeleid" 🙂

hairdresser’s (salon), hair salon
[noun]
[de kap-sa-lon, de kap-sa-lons]

"Kapsalon" is composed of "kap" (from "kappen") and "salon". A "kapsalon" is mostly frequented by women. Men would go to a "kapper" (hairdresser, barber (shop) ).

A "kapsalon" is also the name of a snack/dish, which is on the menu of most shoarma snackbars in the region of Rotterdam, see Extra…

Examples:
– "Waar is Maria?" – "Ze heeft een afspraak bij de kapsalon." 
("Where is Maria?" – "She has an appointment at the hairdresser’s.)

– "Kapsalon Elle…wassen, knippen & föhnen voor slechts 15 euro." 
("Elle Hair Salon…wash, cut & blow-dry for only 15 euros.")

Related words:
– Kappen: to cut (a tree) / to do someone’s hair [verb] [kappen, kapte, gekapt].
– Wassen: to wash [verb] [wassen, waste, gewast].

Example:
– "Eerst je handen wassen voor het eten!"
("First wash your hands before dinner.")

– Knippen: to cut (with a pair of scissors) [verb] [knippen, knipte, geknipt].
– Föhnen: to blow-dry [verb] [föhnen, föhnde, geföhnd].
– Nagelsalon: nail salon [noun] [de nagelsalon, de nagelsalons].

Extra:
A "kapsalon" is also the name of  a snack/dish, which is on the menu of most shoarma snackbars in Rotterdam, and which is gaining popularity in the Randstad, and all over the Netherlands. It’s an aluminium dish filled with layers of: fries, kebab, salad, (lots of) garlick sauce, and with cheese on top. The whole is put briefly in the oven until the cheese has melted.

The name apparently originates from some local hair salon which always ordered this dish with these specific ingredients…

to cherish
[verb]
[koes-te-ren, koes-ter-de, ge-koes-terd]

"Koesteren" is a word with a positive connotation: to cherish. Objects of one’s "koestering" can be physical things, persons, ideas or concepts.

Examples:
– "Ik koester de gedachte dat ik je hier altijd aan mijn zijde zal hebben." 
("I cherish the thought of always having you here by my side.")

– "Dit prachtige moment moeten we koesteren." 
("We must cherish this beautiful moment.")

– "Ik zal mijn kinderen voor altijd koesteren in mijn hart." 
("I will cherish my children in my heart for ever.")

– "De liefde van mijn leven is met de noorderzon vertrokken…nu koester ik slechts de herinnering…" 
("The love of my life left without a trace…now I merely cherish the memory…")

Expressions:
– "(De) hoop koesteren": to hope, to keep up the hope.
– "(De) vrees koesteren": to fear.

Example:
– "Ik koester de vrees dat er geen overlevenden zijn."
("I fear that there are no survivors.")

– "Zich koesteren in het zonnetje": to enjoy the warmth of the sun.

Related words:
– Houden van: to love [noun] [houden van, hield van, gehouden van].
– Liefde: love [noun] [de liefde, de liefdes].
– Hunkeren: to long for [verb] [hunkeren, hunkerde, gehunkerd].

Example:
– "Frank hunkert naar de liefde van zijn moeder."
("Frank longs for his mother’s love.")

– Waarderen: to appreciate [verb] [waarderen, waardeerde, gewaardeerd].